¾ÅÐãÖ±²¥

B.A., UC San Diego, 1995
B.S., UC San Diego, 1995
M.A., Ohio State University, 1997
Ph.D., Ohio State University, 2000

Curriculum Vitae [PDF]

Name Pronunciation Guide:
"VAL-ur-ee COOL-my-ur"

Click below to hear pronunciation

Research Interests

My research program explores cognition from a developmental and evolutionary perspective. I examine the origins of our cognitive capacities, focusing primarily on our abilities to distinguish animate and inanimate objects, to interpret the behavior and infer the mental states of others, and to engage in prosocial behaviour. Each is examined in a comparative manner, studying infants, young children, and non-human primates. The research thus relies upon both developmental and comparative psychology theory to form and test hypotheses.

Selected Publications

Books:

Olmstead, M.C. & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2015). Comparative Cognition. Cambridge University Press.

Rutherford, M.D. & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (Eds.) (2013). Social Perception: Detection and Interpretation of Animacy, Agency, and Intention. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford Books.

Representative Papers and Book Chapters:

Hilton, B.C., O'Neill, AC., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2021). Emerging selectivity: Group membership and early prosociality. Journal of Cognition and Development, 22(2), 267-280.

Kuhlmeier, V.A., Karasewich, T.A., & Olmstead, M.C. (2020). Teaching animal learning and cognition: Adapting to the online environment. Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews, 15, 187-198

Karasewich, T.A., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2020). Trait social anxiety as a conditional adaptation: A developmental and evolutionary framework. Developmental Review, 55, 100886.

Karasewich, T., Kuhlmeier, V.A., Beier, J.S., & Dunfield, K.A. (2019). Getting help for others: An examination of indirect helping in young children. Developmental Psychology, 55, 606-611. PsyArXiv: 10.31234/osf.io/qmgdp

Hilton, B.C., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2019). . Frontiers in Psychology: Developmental Psychology.

Dunfield, K.A., Best, L.J., Kelley, E.A., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2019). . Frontiers in Psychology: Developmental Psychology.

O'Neill, A.C., Swigger, K., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2018). Make The Connection’ parenting skills program: a controlled trial of associated improvement in maternal attitudes. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 36(5), 536-547. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2018.1497779

Robson, S.J., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2016). Infants’ understanding of object-directed action: An interdisciplinary synthesis. Frontiers in Psychology, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00111

Sabbagh, M.A., Koenig, M.A., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2016). Conceptual constraints and mechanisms in children’s selective social learning. Developmental Science, 10.1111/desc.12415.

Robson, S.J., Lee, V., Kuhlmeier, V.A., & Rutherford, M.D. (2014). Infants use contextual contingency to guide their interpretation of others' goal-directed behavior. Cognitive Development, 31, 69-78.

Dunfield, K.A. & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2013). Classifying prosocial behaviour: children’s responses to instrumental need, emotional distress, and material desire. Child Development, 84, 1766-1776.

Dunfield, K.A., Kuhlmeier, V.A., O’Connell, L., & Kelley, E. (2011). Examining the diversity of prosocial behavior: helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy, 16(3), 227-247.

Newman, G.E., Keil, F.C., Kuhlmeier, V.A., & Wynn, K. (2010). Early understandings of the link between agents and order. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 17140-17145.

Dunfield, K.A., & Kuhlmeier, V.A. (2010). Intention-mediated selective helping in infancy. Psychological Science, 21, 523-527.

Yamaguchi, M., Kuhlmeier, V.A., Wynn, K., & vanMarle, K. (2009). Continuity in Social Cognition from Infancy to Childhood. Developmental Science, 12, 746-752.

Kuhlmeier, V.A., Wynn, K., & Bloom, P. (2003). Attribution of Dispositional States by 12-month-olds. Psychological Science, 14, 402-408.

Kuhlmeier, V.A., & Boysen, S.T. (2002). Chimpanzees' recognition of the spatial and object similarities between a scale model and its referent. Psychological Science, 13, 60-63.

B.S., Peking University
M.S., Peking University
Ph.D., University of Michigan

Lab Site

Curriculum Vitae [PDF]

Research Interests

I am interested in understanding the relationships between culture and cognition. Specifically, I have been studying how culture (East Asian vs. American) shapes the way people think and behave. Research (including some of my own) has shown that the culture in which we grew up affects the way we perceive, interpret and respond to the world. I am particularly interested in cultural impacts on thinking and reasoning (as broadly defined), and the implications for social cognition. In my research, I have examined cultural differences in attention/perception, categorization, prediction, and judgment and decision making.

Selected Publications

Ji, L.J., Vaughen-Johnson, Zhang, Z., Jacobson, J., Zhang, N., & Huang, X. (in press). Context and cultural differences in optimism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.

Yang, Z., Ji, L.J., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhu, L., & Cai, H. (2021). . Personality and Individual Difference, 174, 110670.

Ji, L.J., Khei, M., Yap, S., Wang, X., Zhang, Z., & Hou, Y. (in press). . Social Psychological and Personality Science.

Imtiaz, F., Ji, L.J. & Vaughen-Johnson, T. (2021). . Current Psychology.

Chen, Q., Wang, X.Q., He, X.X., Ji, L.J. Liu, M., & Ye, B. (2021). The relationship between search for meaning in life and symptoms of depression and anxiety: Key roles of the presence of meaning in life and life events among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 545-553.

Imtiaz, F. & Ji, L.J., (2021). , Experimental Aging Research, 47(1), 57-78.

Spina, R., Ji, L.J., Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020). . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 51(7-8), 636-653.

Lee, A., Ji, L.J., Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 46 (7), 1074-89.

Ji, L.J. & An, S. (2020). Journal of Loss and Trauma.

Imtiaz, F., Ji, L. J., & Vaughan-Johnston, T. (2019). . Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology, 2, 107-118.

Ji, L.J., Yap, S., Best, M., & McGeorge, K. (2019) . Frontiers in Psychology.

Ji, L.J, Hong, E., Guo, T., Zhang, Z., Su, Y., & Li, Y. (2019). Culture, psychological proximity to the past and future, and self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49 (4), 735-747.

Yap, S., Ji, L.J., & Hong, E. (2018). The Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey.

Imtiaz, F., Khei, M., & Ji, L. J. (2018). Resilience through Suffering: A Potential Military Application. In A. MacIntyre, D. Legace-Roy, & D.R. Lindsay (Eds.) Global Views on Military Stress and Resilience. Canadian Defence Academy Press, 37-53.

Zhang, N., Ji., L.J., Bai, B., & Li, Y. (2018). . Emotion, 18(1), 46-57.

Zhang, N., Ji. L.J., & Guo, T. (2018) Culture and lay theories of change, in Julie Spencer-Rogers and Kaiping Peng (Eds.) The Psychological and Cultural Foundations of East Asian Thinking, Oxford University Press, 81-104.

Ji. L.J., & Chan, E. (2017) Chinese thinking styles and religion, in Justin Barrett and Ryan Hornbeck (eds.) Religious cognition in China, Springer International, 35-54.

Ji, L.J., Zhang, N., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Harper, G, Khei, M., & Li, J. (2017). Cultural variations in reasons for advice-seeking. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 30:708-718.

An, S., Ji, L.J., Marks, M., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Two Sides of Emotion: Exploring positivity and negativity in six basic emotions across cultures. Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 610

Zhang, N., Ji, L.J., & Li, Y. (2017). . Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 45.

Ji, L.J., & Yap, S. (2016). Culture and cognition. Current Opinion in Psychology. 8: 105-111.

Zhang, N., & Ji, L.J. (2015). . Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 46: 1319-1323.

Ji, L.J., McGeorge, K., Li, Y., Lee, A., & Zhang, Z. (2015). . Springerplus, 4 (1):510.

Lee, A., & Ji, L.J. (2014). Moving away from a bad past and towards a good future: feelings influence the metaphorical understanding of time. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 143(1), 21-26.

Miyamoto, Y., Knoepfler, C.A., Ishii, K., & Ji, L.J. (2013). . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(6), 707-719

Ji, L.J., & Kaulius, M. (2013). Judgment and decision making across cultures. Advances in Psychological Science, 21(3), 381-388.

Guo, T., Ji, L.J, Spina, R., & Zhang, Z. (2012). . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(8), 1030 – 1040. (correspondence author)

Jacobson, J., Ji, L.J., Ditto, P.H., Zhang, Z., Reiss, S.K., Legnini, V., Sorkin, D., Roper-Coleman, S., Ebel-Lam, A. (2012). . Psychology and Health.

Rounding, K., Lee, A., Jacobson, J., & Ji, L.J. (2012). Religion Replenishes Self-Control. Psychological Science. 23(6), 635-642.

Miyamoto, Y., & Ji, L.J. (2011). Power fosters context-independent, analytic cognition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(11), 1449-1458.

Hsieh, A.Y., Tripp, D., Ji, L.J. (2011). The influence of ethnic concordance and discordance on verbal reports and nonverbal behaviors of pain. Pain. 152(9),2016-22

Ji, L.J. (2010). Is Confucian culture forgiving? Learning and Individual Difference, 20(6), 569-570.

Hsieh, A.Y., Tripp, D.,Ji, L.J. & Sullivan, M.J.L. (2010) Comparisons of catastrophizing, pain attitudes, and cold pressor pain experience between Chinese and European Canadian young adults. Journal of Pain. 11(11), 1187-94.

Spina, R., Ji, L.J., Guo, T., Zhang, Z, Li, Y., & Fabrigar, L. (2010) Cultural Differences in the Representativeness Heuristic: Expecting a Correspondence in Magnitude between Cause and Effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 36(5), 583-597.

Spina, R., Ji, L.J., Ross, M., Li, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2010) Why best can’t last: Cultural differences in anticipating regression toward the mean. Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 13, 153-162.

Ji. L.J., Lee, A., & Guo, T. (2010) The thinking styles of Chinese people, in Michael Bond (ed.) The handbook of Chinese Psychology (2nd edition), Oxford University Press, p155-167.

Yates, F.J.,Ji, L.J., Oka, T, Lee, J.W., Shinotsuka, H., & Sieck, W. (2010) Indecisiveness and culture: Incidence, values, and thoroughness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 428-444.

Ji, L.J., Guo, T., Zhang, Z.,& Messervey, D. (2009) Looking into the past: Cultural differences in perception and representation of past information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 761-769.

Ji, L.J. (2008) The leopard cannot change his spots, or can he: Culture and the development of lay theories of change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(5), 613-622.

Ji, L.J., Zhang, Z., & Guo, T. (2008) To buy or to sell: Cultural differences in stock market decisions based on stock price trends. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 21(4), 399-413.

Ji, L.J. (2005). Culture and lay theories of change. In Culture and Social Behavior: The Tenth Ontario Symposium. Edited by Richard M. Sorrentino, Dov Cohen, Jim Olson, Mark Zanna. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 117 -135.

Messervey, D., Ji, L.J., & Uchida, Y. (2004). Cognition and Culture. In Charles Spielberger (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Ltd., 357-364.

Ji, L.J., Zhang, Z., & Nisbett, R.E. (2004) Is it Culture, or is it language? Examination of language effects in cross-cultural research on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(1), 57-65.

Ji, L.J., Zhang, Z., Usborne, E., & Guan, Y. (2004). Optimism across cultures: In response to the SARS outbreak. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 7(1), 25-34.

Haberstroh, S., Oyserman, D., Schwarz, N., Kuhnen, U., & Ji, L.J. (2002) Is the interdependent self more sensitive to question context than the independent self? Self-construal and the observation of conversational norms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 323-329.

Hedden, T., Park, D., Nisbett, R.E.,Ji, L.J., Jing, Q., & Jiao, S. (2002) Cultural variation in verbal versus spatial neuropsychological function across the lifespan. Neuropsychology, 16, 65-73.

Ji, L.J., Nisbett, R.E., & Su, Y. (2001) Culture, change, and prediction. Psychological Science. 12 (6), 450-456.

Ji, L.J., Peng, K., & Nisbett, R.E. (2000) Culture, control and perception of relationships in the environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 78 (5), 943-955.

Ji, L.J., Schwarz, N., & Nisbett, R. E. (2000) Culture, autobiographical memory, and social comparison: Measurement issues in cross-cultural studies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 26 (5), 586-594.

B.A., (Honors), Northwestern University, 1990
M.A., Ohio State University, 1995
Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1999

Lab Site

Curriculum Vitae [PDF]

Name Pronunciation Guide:
"jil JAY-kuhb-suhn"

Click below to hear pronunciation

Research Interests

I study the social-cognitive and social-behavioural consequences of two distinct but related individual differences: dysphoria and causal uncertainty. Dysphoria refers to mild to moderate levels of depression, and causal uncertainty pertains to confidence in one’s ability to understand why things happen to oneself and to others. My current research is focused primarily on trying to understand an interesting paradox: Although dysphoric and causally uncertain people are more motivated to understand other people and more accurate in their social perceptions, they also are more likely to experience interpersonal problems including greater loneliness, shyness, and social rejection.

Selected Publications

Rounding, K., Jacobson, J. A., & Hart, K. E. (2016). The protective role of religiosity: Moderating causal uncertainty in the parent-offspring dysphoria relationship. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 8, 1-12.

Rounding, K., Jacobson, J. A., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2014). Examining the effects of changes in depressive symptomatology on eyewitness identification. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 33, 495-511. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2014.33.6.495.

Rounding, K., & Jacobson, J. A. (2013). The role of causal uncertainty in the relationship between perceived parental dysphoria and offspring’s own dysphoria. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 1058-1069.

Boucher, E. M., & Jacobson, J. A. (2012). Causal uncertainty during initial interactions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 652-663.

Rounding, K., Lee, A., Jacobson, J. A., & Ji, L. J. (2012). Religion replenishes self-control. Psychological Science, 23, 635-642.

Jacobson, J. A., Weary, G., & Lin, Y. S. (2008). Causal uncertainty and metacognitive inferences about goal attainment. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 1276-1305.

Jacobson, J. A. (2007). The relationship among causal uncertainty, reassurance seeking, and dysphoria. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 26, 923-940.

B.A., Gettysburg College, 2008
Ph.D., University of Michigan, 2017

Curriculum Vitae [PDF]

Name Pronunciation Guide:
"DAY-vid HOW-zer"

Click below to hear pronunciation

Research Interests

David studies judgment and social cognition, namely how communication guides our inferences, preferences, and reasoning. His work investigates how seemingly innocuous words color evaluations, how metaphors guide understanding of abstract concepts like disease and health, and how common survey methods shape research conclusions.

Selected Publications

Hauser, D. J., Ellsworth, P. C., & Gonzalez, R. (2018). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 998.

Hauser, D. J. & Schwarz, N. (2018). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 75, 11-18.

Hauser, D. J., Nesse, R. M., & Schwarz, N. (2017). . In Zedelius C., Muller, B., & Schooler J. W. (Eds.) The science of lay theories: How beliefs shape our culture, cognition, and health. (pp. 341-354). Springer.

Hauser, D. J. & Schwarz, N. (2016). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 882-896.

Hauser, D. J. & Schwarz, N. (2016). . Behavior Research Methods, 48, 400-407.

Hauser, D. J. & Schwarz, N. (2015). SAGE Open, 5, 1-6.

Hauser, D. J. & Schwarz, N. (2015). Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 66-77.

Hauser, D. J., Preston, S. D., Stansfield, R. B. (2014). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 1295-1305.

Meier, B. P., Hauser, D. J., Robinson, M. D., Friesen, C. K., & Schjeldahl, K. (2007). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 699-710.

B.P.E., University of Alberta, 1983
M.A., McGill University, 1986
Ph.D., McGill University, 1992

Curriculum Vitae [PDF]

Research Interests

Although scientists have invented chess programs that can rival grand-masters, we have yet to design a robot that comes close to matching the dexterity of a 5-year old child. The aim of research in the Cognition and Action Lab is to understand the cognitive and computational processes underlying movement control and learning. Visit the web site to learn how we use virtual reality and other tools to study eye-hand coordination, object manipulation, sensory-motor adaptation, and links between action and perception.

Selected Publications

For a full list of publications, please contact Randy Flanagan

A.A., University of Maryland, 1986
B.A., Miami University, 1988
M.A., Ohio State University, 1991
Ph.D., Ohio State University, 1995

Lab Site

Curriculum Vitae [PDF]

Research Interests

Academic Background:

A.A., University of Maryland, Munich Branch Campus, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, 1986.
B.A., Psychology. Miami University, Oxford OH, 1988.
M.A., Psychology. The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1991.
Ph.D., Psychology. The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, 1995.

Research Interests:

Dr. Fabrigar’s primary research interests fall within the domain of attitude and persuasion research. Within this domain, his research has investigated the effects of attitude structure and social context in regulating the susceptibility of attitudes to persuasion and the impact of attitudes on behavior, judgment, and information processing. His research has also explored methods of measuring attitudes and their underlying structural properties. Other research interests include the psychological mechanisms underlying social influence tactics, the relationship between personality traits and the self, the role of attachment style in relationship processes, and methodological issues in the application of statistical methods (e.g., factor analysis and structural equation modeling) to psychological research.

Awards and Distinctions:

Elected to the Society for Multivariate Experimental Psychology, 2002.
Elected to the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, 2003.
Fellow of the Society for Experimental Social Psychology, 2009.
Fellow of the Midwestern Psychological Association, 2013.
Fellow of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2015.
Fellow for the Association for Psychological Science, 2015.

Winner of the Frank Knox Award for Teaching Excellence, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, 1999.
Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, 2005.
Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching, Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, 2007, 2012, 2015.

Professional Service:

Consulting Editor, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1998, 2000-2004
Consulting Editor, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2006-2015
Consulting Editor, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2006-2016

Associate Editor, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2003-2005
Co-Editor, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2013-2016

Panel Member, Psychosocial Sociocultural, and Behavioural Determinants of Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, 2004-2006
Panel Member, Insight Development Grant Committee, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, 2014.

Selected Publications

*Denotes past or current undergraduate or graduate student in the Fab Lab.

*Guyer, J. J., Fabrigar, L. R., & *Vaughan-Johnston, T. I. (2019). Speech rate, intonation, and pitch: Investigating the bias and cue effects of vocal confidence on persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45, 389-405.

Fabrigar, L. R., MacDonald, T. K., & Wegener, D. T. (2019). The Origins and Structure of Attitudes. In D. Albarracin & B. T. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of attitudes and attitude change (2nd Edition, Vol. 1, pp. 109-157). New York, NY: Routledge.

*Guyer, J. J., Fabrigar, L. R., *Vaughan-Johnston, T. I., & Tang, C. (2018). The counterintuitive influence of vocal affect on the efficacy of affectively-based persuasive messages. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 161-173.

Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2016). Conceptualizing and evaluating the replication of research results. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 66, 68-80.

Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2014). Exploring causal and noncausal hypotheses in nonexperimental data. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd Ed, pp. 504-533). New York: Cambridge University Press.

See, Y. H. M., Petty, R. E., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2013). Affective-cognitive meta-bases versus structural bases predict processing interest versus efficiency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1111-1123.

*Refling, E. J., *Calnan, C., M., Fabrigar, L. R., MacDonald, T. K., *Johnson, V., & *Smith, S. M. (2013). To partition or not to partition evaluative judgments: Comparing measures of structural ambivalence. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 387-394.

*Carter, A. M., Fabrigar, L. R., MacDonald, T. K., & *Monner, L. J. (2013). Investigating the interface of the investment model and adult attachment theory. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 661-672.

*Kredentser, M. S., Fabrigar, L. R., *Smith, S. M., & *Fulton, K. (2012). Following what people think we should do versus what people actually do: Elaboration as a moderator of the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 341-347.

Fabrigar, L. R., & Wegener, D. T. (2012). Exploratory factor analysis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

*Wasylkiw, L., Fabrigar, L. R., *Rainboth, S., Reid A., & Steen, C. (2010). Neuroticism and the architecture of the self: Exploring neuroticism as a moderator of the impact of ideal self-discrepancies on emotion. Journal of Personality, 78, 471-492.

Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., & MacDonald, T. K. (2010). Distinguishing between prediction and influence: Multiple processes underlying attitude-behavior consistency. In C. R. Agnew, D. E. Carlston, W. G. Graziano, & J. R. Kelly (Eds.), Then a miracle occurs: Focusing on behavior in social psychological theory and research (pp. 162-185). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

*Paik, J. S., *MacDougall, B. L., Fabrigar, L. R., *Peach, J. M., & *Jellous, K. (2009). Altering category level beliefs: The impact of level of representation at belief formation and belief disconfirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 1112-1125.

See, Y. H. M., Petty, R. E., & Fabrigar, L. R. (2008). Affective and cognitive meta-bases of attitudes: Unique effects on information interest and persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 938-955.

*Smith, S. M., Fabrigar, L. R., *Powell, D. M., & *Estrada, M. (2007). The role of information processing capacity and goals in attitude-congruent selective exposure effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 948-960.

Fabrigar, L. R., Petty, R. E., *Smith, S. M., & Crites, S. L., Jr. (2006). Understanding knowledge effects on attitude-behavior consistency: The role of relevance, complexity, and amount of knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 556-577.