1. Research Ethics At Queen's University
  2. Ethics Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
  3. Ethics Glossary of Terms

Ethics Glossary of Terms

Term Meaning
Ad hoc advisor An individual with relevant and competent knowledge and expertise consulted by a Research Ethics Board (REB) for a specific research ethics review, and for the duration of that review in the event that the REB members lack specific expertise or knowledge to review with competence the ethical acceptability of a research proposal. The ad hoc advisor is not a formally appointed member of the REB and is not counted in quorum or allowed to vote on REB decisions.
Adverse event (AE) Any untoward medical or study related occurrence with a research participant, administered investigational product, including an occurrence which does not have a causal relationship with this product. An AE can therefore be any unfavourable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding, for example), symptom, or disease temporally associated with the use of an investigational product, whether or not it is related to the investigational product.
Local adverse event Those adverse events experienced by research participants enrolled by the Researcher at the centre(s) under the jurisdiction of the Research Ethics Board (REB).
Non-local (external) adverse event (EAE): Those adverse events experienced by research participants enrolled by Researchers at other centres/organizations outside the REB’s jurisdiction.
Serious Adverse Event (SAE) or Serious Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR):  Any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose: results in death, is life threatening, requires inpatient hospitalization of prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity or is a congenital anomaly/birth defect.
Alternate member A formally appointed voting member of the Research Ethics Board (REB) who may substitute for a regular member of the REB but who is not expected to attend every REB meeting. An alternate REB member’s presence at the REB meeting in the place of an absent regular REB member is used to establish quorum.
Amendment A written description of a modification or change(s) to the previously approved research study. Amendments include any changes to the protocol or related research documents, such as changes to the consent form, revisions to the Investigator Brochure, updated participant material, etc.
Assent Affirmative agreement to participate in research by an individual unable to provide consent.
Authorized signatory Individual(s) authorized to sign documents on behalf of an organization.
Authorized third party Any person with the necessary authority to make decisions on behalf of the prospective participant who lacks the capacity to consent to participate, or to continue to participate, in a particular research project. (Also known as a “legally acceptable representative” or “substitute decision-maker”).
Confidentiality Refers to the agreement between the Researcher and the participant as to how personal data will be managed and used, and an ethical and/or legal responsibility to safeguard information from unauthorized use, disclosure, modification, loss or theft. The term also refers to the ethical and/or legal responsibility of the Reseach Ethics Board (REB) to safeguard information in its custody from unauthorized use, disclosure, modification, loss or theft.
Conflict of Interest (COI)

Circumstance of a person (e.g., Researcher or Research Ethics Board (REB) member) or organization in a real, perceived, or potential conflict between their duties or responsibilities related to research and their personal, institutional or other (secondary) interests.

Example: COI may occur when an individual’s judgments and actions or an organization’s actions in relation to research are, or could be, affected by personal, organizational or other interests, including, but not limited to, business, commercial or financial interests, whether of individuals, their family members, their friends, or their former, current or prospective professional associations or of the organization itself.


Examples of secondary interests for a Researcher include the following:

  • In receipt of or expecting to receive compensation from the sponsor in which the value of the compensation could be affected by the outcome of the study;
  • Acts as an officer, director, or agent of the sponsor;
  • Their job status or compensation is impacted by the research (e.g., payment for speaking or leading study groups on behalf of the sponsor);
  • Is receiving a finder’s fee for the recruitment of research participants;
  • Has a proprietary interest (e.g., patent, trademark, copyright interest, licensing agreement) in the tested product;
  • Has (or their spouse, family, close relationships) any equity interest in the sponsor;
  • Receives payments of other sorts, which are made by the sponsor exclusive of the costs of conducting the clinical research (e.g., a grant to fund ongoing research, compensation in the form of equipment or retainers for ongoing consultation or honoraria);
  • Is intending to recruit his/her own patients as research participants;
  • Has identified themselves for any other reason as having a conflicting interest (i.e., organizational conflict that may impact the research).

Examples of secondary interests for an REB member include the following:

  • Is a Researcher or sub-Researcher on the protocol;
  • Is directly involved in the conduct of the research;
  • Their job status or compensation is impacted by the research (e.g., research coordinator, payment for speaking/leading study groups on behalf of the sponsor);
  • Is receiving or expecting to receive compensation from the sponsor in which the value of the compensation could be affected by the outcome of the study;
  • Acts as an officer, director, or agent of the sponsor;
  • Has a proprietary interest (e.g., patent, trademark, copyright interest, licensing agreement) in the tested product;
  • Has any equity interest in the sponsor that when aggregated for the member and the member's spouse and dependent children;
  • Any equity interest in the sponsor (i.e., any ownership interest, stock options, or other financial interest whose value cannot be readily determined through reference to public prices);
  • Significant payments of other sorts, which are payments made by the sponsor exclusive of the costs of conducting the clinical research (e.g., a grant to fund ongoing research, compensation in the form of equipment or retainers for ongoing consultation or honoraria);
  • Is in direct competition with the Researcher of the research project for limited resources, funding, sponsorship, or research participants; acts as a consultant for the sponsor; is considered a personal or professional adversary of the Researcher;
  • Has identified themselves for any other reason as having a conflicting interest.
Continuing research ethics review (also referred to as “continuing review”) Any review of ongoing research conducted by a Research Ethics Board (REB) occurring after the date of initial REB approval and continuing throughout the life of the project to ensure that all stages of a research project are ethically acceptable in accordance with the principles in the Policy.
Controlled forms Documents that require formal change control, and that form part of the permanent record of Research Ethics Board (REB) operations and processes.
Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) A multi-disciplinary, expert advisory group established by a research sponsor, that is responsible for safeguarding the interests of participants by reviewing emerging data, assessing the safety and efficacy of research procedures, and monitoring the overall conduct of the research.
Debriefing The full disclosure of the research purpose and other pertinent information to participants who have been involved in research employing partial disclosure or deception. Debriefing is typically done after participation has ended but may be done at any time during the study.
Delegated review (also referred to as expedited review) The level of Research Ethics Board (REB) review assigned to minimal risk research studies, to minor changes in approved research and to continuing review applications that meet the delegated review criteria. Delegated reviewers are selected from among the REB membership to conduct the review.
Designee Refers to a member of the Research Ethics Board (REB) or to the REB Office Personnel depending on the context of the statement and the accompanying requirements of the organization.
Expiry date The first day that the Research Ethics Board (REB) approval of the research is no longer valid without further review and approval by the REB. When the REB determines that review more than annually is required, the expiration date will be determined by the REB (e.g., six months from the date of the approval).
Full Research Ethics Board (REB) review The level of Research Ethics Board (REB) review assigned to above minimal risk research studies. Conducted by the full membership of the REB, it is the default requirement for the ethics review of research involving human participants.
Human genetic research:  The study of genetic factors responsible for human traits and the interaction of those factors with each other, and with the environment.
Impartial Without prejudice or bias, fair; a principle of justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another.
Impracticable Incapable of being put into practice due to a degree of hardship or onerousness that jeopardizes the conduct of the research; it does not mean mere inconvenience.
Incentive Anything offered to research participants, monetary or otherwise, to encourage participation in research.
Incidental findings Unanticipated discoveries made during the course of research that are outside the scope of the research project. Material incidental findings are findings that have been interpreted as having significant welfare implications for the participant, whether health- related, psychological or social. If, in the course of research, material incidental findings are discovered, Researchers have an obligation to inform the participant.
Indigenous peoples In Canada, the term “Indigenous peoples” refers to persons of First Nations, Inuit, or Metis descent, regardless of where they reside and whether their names appear on an official register. In Canada, a comparable term, “Aboriginal peoples,” is also used in certain contexts.
Inspection A systematic examination and evaluation of study-related activities and documents in comparison to specified requirements and standards.
Institutional conflicts of interest An incompatibility between two or more substantial institutional obligations that cannot be adequately fulfilled without compromising one or another of the obligations
Investigational product Refers to new or new uses of drugs, biologics, medical devices or natural health products.
Mature minor An individual who demonstrates adequate understanding and decision- making capacity.
Medical device trials Clinical trials that test the safety and/or efficacy of one or more instruments used in the prevention, diagnosis, mitigation, or treatment of a disease or abnormal physical condition or the restoration, correction or modification of body function or structure.
Minimal risk Research in which the probability and magnitude of possible harms implied by participation in the research is no greater than those encountered by participants in those aspects of their everyday life that relate to the research.
Minor change Any change that would not materially affect an assessment of the risks and benefits of the research or the integrity of the data and does not substantially change the specific aims or design of the study.
Multi-centred Research is reasonably expected to be conducted at more than one centre.
Natural health product (NHP) trial A clinical trial testing the safety and/or efficacy of one or more nNHPs, is used to describe substances such as vitamins, minerals, herbal medicines, homeopathic preparations, energy drinks, probiotics, and many alternative and traditional medicines.
Non-compliance Failure to follow applicable guidelines and regulations governing human participant research; failure to follow the protocol approved by the Research Ethics Board (REB), or failure to follow stipulations imposed by the REB as a condition of approval.
Non-controlled forms Documents that are not part of the permanent record of Research Ethics Board (REB) operations and processes. Non-controlled forms also will contain version dates.
Ongoing research Research that has received Research Ethics Board (REB) approval and has not yet been completed.
Organizational Official A senior official who can authorize an organization's human participants’ assurance, making a commitment on behalf of the organization to comply with 45 CFR Part 46, the US Code of Federal Regulations covering protection of human participants, and with Health Canada regulations.
Participant An individual whose data or responses to interventions, stimuli, or questions by a Researcher are relevant to answering a research question; also referred to as “human participant” and in other policies/guidance as “subject” or “research subject.”
Periodic safety update or summary report A summary report, created by the sponsor, listing all reported unexpected serious adverse events that have occurred during a given reporting period, and which includes any significant areas of concern and the evolving safety profile of the investigational product.
Personal health information

PHI, is a subset of Personal information which is identifiable information about an individual. (See “Identifiable information” which also is “personal information”)

PHI is identifying information about an individual in either an oral or in a recorded form, if the information:

  • Relates to the individual’s physical or mental health, including family health history;
  • Relates to the provision of health care, including the identification of persons providing care;
  • Is a plan of service for an individual requiring long-term care;
  • Relates to payment or eligibility for health care;
  • Relates to the donation of body parts or bodily substances or is derived from the testing, or examination of such parts or substances;
  • Is the individual’s health number; or
  • Identifies an individual’s substitute decision-maker.

Any other information about an individual that is included in a record containing personal health information is also included in this definition. This definition does not include information about an individual if the information could not reasonably be used to identify the individual.
Personal information (also referred to as “identifiable information”)

Information that identifies an individual and/or for which it is foreseeable that may reasonably be expected to identify an individual, alone or in combination with other available information.

Directly identifying information: Information that identifies a specific individual through direct identifiers (e.g., name, social insurance number, personal health number).

Indirectly identifying information: Information that can reasonably be expected to identify an individual through a combination of indirect identifiers (e.g., date of birth, place of residence, or unique personal characteristic).

Coded information: Direct identifiers are removed from the information and replaced with a code. Depending on access to the code, it may be possible to re-identify specific participants (e.g., the Researcher retains a list that links the participant’s code name with their actual name so data can be re-linked if necessary).

Anonymized information: Information that is irrevocably stripped of direct identifiers, a code is not kept to allow future re-linkage, and risk of re-identification of individuals from remaining indirect identifiers is low or very low.

Anonymous information: Information that never had identifiers associated with it (e.g., anonymous surveys) and risk of identification of individuals is low or very low.
Privacy An individual’s right to be free from intrusion or interference by others, including and their interest in controlling the access of others to themselves (their personal information).
Privacy breach The unauthorized collection, use, or disclosure of personal information or personal health information (PHI) in the custody and control of an individual or a Health Information Custodian (HIC) or in the custody and control of the organization or its affiliated partners.
Proportionate approach to research ethics review The assessment of foreseeable risk to determine the level of scrutiny the research will receive (i.e., delegated review for minimal risk research or full Research Ethics Board (REB) review for research above minimal risk), as well as the consideration of foreseeable risks, potential benefits, and ethical implications of the research in the context of initial and continuing review.
Protocol deviation Are identified as any unplanned or unforeseen change to a Research Ethics Board (REB) approved protocol or protocol procedures. Deviations are different from amendments in that they generally apply to a single occurrence or participant and are not intended at the time to modify the entire protocol.
Quorum

Shall include at least five (5) voting members, including (at minimum):

  • Two (2) members with expertise in the relevant disciplines, fields and methodologies covered by the REB (for biomedical clinical trials, this will include at least one member who practices medicine or dentistry and who is in good standing with their regulatory body),
  • One (1) member who is primarily experienced in non-scientific disciplines
  • One (1) member knowledgeable in ethics
  • One (1) member from the community who has no affiliation with the organization(s) and who is not part of the immediate family of a person who is affiliated with the organization
  • One (1) member knowledgeable in the relevant law (for biomedical research) additional representation as required by applicable legislation or guidelines

For research subject to the US Code of Federal Regulations, quorum shall also include a majority (50%+1) of voting members.
Reportable event Any circumstance that could significantly impact the conduct of the research or alter the Research Ethics Board’s (REB) approval or favourable opinion to continue the research.
Research An undertaking intended to extend knowledge through a disciplined inquiry or systematic investigation.
Researcher The leader of a research team, who is responsible for the conduct of the research, and for the actions of any member of the research team. (Also known as “Qualified Investigator”).
Research Ethics Board (REB) A body of Researchers, community members, and others with specific expertise (e.g., in ethics, in relevant research disciplines) established by an organization to review the ethical acceptability of all research involving humans conducted within the organization’s jurisdiction or under its auspices.
Research Ethics Board (REB) of record The Research Ethics Board (REB) that has been granted ultimate authority for the ethics review and oversight of a research study.
Risk The possibility of the occurrence of harm. The level of foreseeable risk posed to participants by their involvement in research is assessed by considering the magnitude or seriousness of the harm and the probability that it will occur, whether to participants or to third parties.
Secondary Use The use in research of information or human biological materials originally collected for a purpose other than the current research purpose.
Suspension Temporary or permanent halt to all research activities pending future action by the Research Ethics Board (REB), by the sponsor and/or by the Researcher.
Termination Permanent halt by the Research Ethics Board (REB), by the sponsor and/or by the Researcher to all or some research activities.
Tools for Research at ľĹĐăÖ±˛Ą (TRAQ) An e-submission system designed to streamline research-related administrative processes.
Unanticipated issues Issues that occur during the conduct of research; may increase the level of risk to participants or have other ethical implications that may affect participants’ welfare; and were not anticipated by the Researcher in the research proposal submitted for research ethics review.
University Animal Care Committee (UACC) Is responsible for the review of all protocols proposing the use of animals in research, teaching, or testing at or indirect affiliation with ľĹĐăÖ±˛Ą.
Vulnerability Diminished ability to fully safeguard one’s own interests in the context of a specific research project. This may be caused by limited decision-making capacity or limited access to social goods, such as rights, opportunities and power. Individuals or groups may experience vulnerability to different degrees and at different times, depending on their circumstances.

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