1. Archaeology
  2. Faculty-Directed Field Work
  3. Humayma Excavation Project

Humayma Excavation Project

Archaeological Excavation in Jordan

The archaeological site of Humayma is located in the northwest corner of the Hisma Desert approximately 80 km south of Petra and 80 km north of Aqaba. Today it can be reached by a 20 minute car or bus excursion off of the Desert Highway. In ancient times the site was located on the ancient King’s Highway, rebuilt in the early second century AD as the Via Nova Traiana. The Nabataean through early Islamic settlements are concentrated in a one kilometer square area on the desert plain bordered on the west and northwest by sandstone hills and ridges which were also used for human activities. From the first century BCE until the mid-eighth century CE, Humayma (in Nabataean, Hawara; in Greek, Auara; in Latin, Hauarra; in Arabic al-Humayma) was a bustling desert trading post, military strongpoint, and caravan way station. Notable ruins at site include those of the Nabataean and Roman towns, the Roman fort, multiple Byzantine churches, Umayyad-Abbasid farmhouses, and the qasr and mosque belonging to the Abbasid family, who from Humayma plotted the overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate.

The site of Humayma has been the focus of intensive archaeological work for more than three decades. Queen’s University’s Dr. M. Barbara Reeves has been part of the Humayma Excavation Project since 1995 and in 1998 began directing the excavation of Nabataean and Roman structures just outside the Roman fort. The structures discovered here include a military bathhouse, a community shrine used by soldiers and civilians, an insula (city block), a large courtyard house, a possible brothel, a ceremonial platform, and the path of the Via Nova Traiana / King’s Highway. In 2012 she directed the excavation of a heated room (probably a winter triclinium) within the praetorium (commander’s residence) of the Roman fort as part of a larger project to develop a dated typology of Humayma’s ceramic building materials. She has also directed a survey of rock-carved petroglyphs, inscriptions, pictograms, quarries and related activity areas on the raised landmasses west of ancient community and has been involved in a geophysical survey of the site and in the reflective transformation imaging of rock carvings, architecture, and artifacts. As all of this fieldwork has generated a great deal of data, the Humayma Excavation Project is currently focusing on analysis and publication and no new field seasons are currently planned. Students interested in getting involved in the analysis should check out the Student Research Opportunities below.

 

 

The Canadian Ambassador to Jordan visiting Humayma and overlooking the site with Dr. Reeves on June 10, 2010

The 2010 Humayma Excavation team (and a camel) onsite, with rock formations in the background.

 

Humayma Fieldwork (1998-2014)

Dr. Barbara Reeves has been excavating at Humayma since 1995 when she began studying the Roman bathhouse for her MA Thesis. She began directing excavation of structures in the Nabataean and Roman town in 1998. From 1986 to 2005 the principal investigator and permit holder for the field seasons was Dr. John P. Oleson of the University of Victoria. Barbara Reeves was assistant director during the 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, and 2005 field seasons and then took over as principal investigator and permit holder in 2008.  Queen’s University faculty, students, and alumni have participated in the 2004, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 field seasons, as well as numerous study seasons in Jordan and research projects at Queen’s. The project has also benefited from the participation and expertise of faculty and students from many universities in North America and Europe and from Jordanian colleagues, especially the residents of New Humayma.

The Humayma Excavation Project is accredited by the Archaeological Standards Committee of the American Schools of Oriental Research and licensed by the Department of Antiquities of the Kingdom of Jordan. Funding for the project since 2008 has been provided by the Taggart Foundation, the Senate Advisory Research Committee of Queen’s University, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, and by generous donations to the Humayma Project Trust. Team members have been assisted by fellowships and scholarships from the American Center of Oriental, the American Schools of Oriental Research, the American Schools of Oriental Research in Canada, and the Classics Department at Queen’s University.

 

 

Student Research Opportunities

The Humayma Excavation Project is currently in the analysis stage. Decades of fieldwork have generated a great deal of data. Students can apply to Dr. Reeves to participate in the processing and analysis of project data on a volunteer basis, as a work study employee, or through a directed study at the undergraduate or graduate level. Some projects that students have recently been involved in are listed below.

Excavated Structures and Areas

  • Babbitt, Ian. 2009. Second to Fourth Century CE Structures from Hawara’s Vicus:  Interim Report on Field E121 at Humayma. M.A. Thesis, Department of Classics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
  • Harvey, Craig A. 2011. “The Latrine in the Roman Bathhouse at Humayma Jordan.” Paper presented at the Inquiry at Queen’s Undergraduate Research Conference, Kingston, ON. [Based on a Directed Study Course with Reeves]
  • Reeves, M. Barbara and Harvey, Craig. A. 2013. “Phasing the Roman and Byzantine Bathhouse at Humayma, Jordan: The Contribution of the Ceramic Building Materials”. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, Seattle, WA.

Petroglyphs

  • Lovsin, Darcye. 2015. “A Stylistic and Chronological Assessment of the Footprint Petroglyphs from Humayma.” Poster presented at the Inquiry at Queen’s Undergraduate Research Conference, Kingston, ON.  [Based on a Directed Study Course with Reeves]
  • Welsh, Emily. 2015. “A Stylistic, Spatial and Cultural Assessment of the Bovid Petroglyphs from Humayma.” Poster presented at the Inquiry at Queen’s Undergraduate Research Conference, Kingston, ON. [Based on a Directed Study Course with Reeves]
  • Zmijowskyj, Ally. 2016. “An Investigation into the Possible Roman Origins of Footprint Petroglyphs from Humayma, Jordan.” Poster presented at the Inquiry at Queen’s Undergraduate Research Conference, Kingston, ON. [Based on a Directed Study Course with Reeves]

Archaeological Finds: quantification, analysis, drawing

  • Holman, Lindsay, 2013. “Humayma's Trash: What the Ceramics from Dumpsites Reveal about the Site's History”. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Baltimore, MD.
  • Holman, Lindsay M., Hardin, Sherry, and Shelton, Andi. 2017. “Ceramic Vessel Overview from the 2010 and 2012 Seasons” in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.
  • Rice, Samantha M. 2012 “Seashells in the Jordanian Desert: a Cross-Cultural Analysis.” Poster presented at the Inquiry at Queen’s Undergraduate Research Conference, Kingston, ON. [Based on a Directed Study Course with Reeves]
  • Queen’s University Archaeology Club volunteers have helped with sorting, quantifying, and packaging faunal remains and shells.
  • Many students have worked as research assistants over the year through funding provided by Queen’s Work Study program and Ontario’s Summer Experience Program.

Ceramic Building Materials: quantification, typological classification, and petrographic analyses

  • Dupuis, Dominique, Reeves, M. Barbara, and Harvey, Craig. A. 2013. “Petrographic Examination of the Ceramic Building Materials from Humayma.” Poster presented at the annual meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Baltimore, MD, November 23, 2013. [Based, in part, on an Undergraduate Student Summer Research Fellowship awarded to Dupuis and supervised by Reeves]
  • Dupuis, Dominique. 2015. “A Petrographic Analysis of Ancient Jordanian Ceramic Building Materials.” Paper presented at the Inquiry at Queen’s Undergraduate Research Conference, Kingston, ON. [Based on a Directed Study Course with Reeves]
  • Harvey, Craig A. 2013. Tubuli and their Use in Roman Arabia, with a Focus on Humayma (Ancient Hauarra). M.A. Thesis, Department of Greek and Roman Studies, University of Victoria, BC, Canada. [Reeves on supervisory committee]
  • Reeves, M. Barbara, and Harvey, Craig. A. 2016. “A Typological Assessment of the Nabataean, Roman, and Byzantine Ceramic Building Materials at Humayma and Wadi Ramm,” pp. 443-475 in M. Jamhawi, ed., Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan XII. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities.
  • Reeves, M. Barbara, and Harvey, Craig. A. in preparation. “Report on the Ceramic Building Materials from the Roman Fort at Humayma.” To be published in Oleson, J. P., ed, Humayma Excavation Project, 3: The Roman Auxiliary Fort and Regional Watchtowers. Boston: ASOR Arch. Rep. Ser.

Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) and Photogrammetry

  • Fergusson, Michael, MacKinnon, Marla, and Reeves, M. Barbara. 2017. “RTI and Photogrammetry” in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.

Conservation

  • Webb, Taryn. 2007. The Consolidation of Mud Brick at Al-Humayma. Art Conservation M.A. Project, Department of Art, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON.

 

 

Fieldwork Opportunities in Jordan and the Near East

Although the Humayma Excavation Project is not currently running a field school, there are other excellent field schools operating in Jordan and the Near East. It is recommended that students interested in working on the Humayma material apply to one of the Near Eastern field schools affiliated with the American Schools of Oriental Research (). Please talk to Dr. Reeves for additional information about these projects.

In 2018 it is particularly recommended that students apply to the field school at the Petra Garden & Pool Complex. This excavation is directed by Dr. Leigh-Ann Bedal (Pennsylvania State Erie/The Behrend College) and its field school is run by Humayma’s archaeobotanist, Dr. Jennifer Ramsay (SUNY Brockport). Students can get six course credits (two classes) through Brockport and apply (in advance) to have that count towards your Queen’s degree. For information about the 2018 field school, see .

 

 

Humayma Field Staff and Researchers (2008-Present)

Project Director: Dr. M. Barbara Reeves (Queen’s University)

Associate Director: Craig A. Harvey (University of Michigan)

Area Supervisors: M. Barbara Reeves (2008-2014), Barbara Fisher (2008-2012), Brian Seymour (2008-2012), Craig A. Harvey (2010-2012), Ian Babbitt (2008), Katie Cummer (2008), Khristine Chua (2012), Marla MacKinnon (2012), Samantha Rice (2012), Victoria Wijnbergen (2012)

Field Administrator: Barbara Fisher (2008-2012)

Archaeobotanists: Dr. Jennifer Ramsay and Jessie George (SUNY Brockport)

Architect: Devon Skinner (2008, 2010)

Artifact Conservators: B. Vicky Karas (2008), Lisa Bengston (2012)

Ceramicists: Lindsay M. Holman, Andi Shelton, Sherry Hardin, Yvonne Gerber

Ceramic Illustrators: Sherry Hardin, Khristine Chua, Miranda Siklenka

Ceramic Building Materials: M. Barbara Reeves, Craig A. Harvey

Glass: Janet Jones (2012)

Molluscs: Samantha Rice, David Reece

Objects Illustrator: Brian Seymour

Osteoarchaeologist: Dr.Tiffany Rawlings

Representatives of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan: Amer Bdour (2008, 2010), Mohammed Donabiat (2012), Manal Basyoumi (2014)

Past Director: Dr. John P. Oleson (University of Victoria)

 

 

Project Publications

Selected Humayma Excavation Project Publications Related to Dr. Reeves’ Research Foci

Humayma Excavation Project Overview

  • Oleson, J. P., Reeves, M. B. & Foote, R. M. 2015. The Nabataean, Roman, Byzantine, and Early Islamic Site of Humayma: A Look Back on Three Decades of Research. ACOR Newsletter, 27.1 (Summer): 1-7. [upload PDF]

  • Volume 1: Resources, History, and the Water-Supply System by John P. Oleson. (Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2010).
  • Volume 2: Nabataean Campground and Necropolis, Byzantine Churches, and Early Islamic Domestic Structures by John P. Oleson & Robert Schick (eds.) (Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2013).
  • Volume 3: The Roman Auxilliary Fort and Regional Watchtowers by John P. Oleson (ed.) (in progress)
  • Volume 4: The Nabataean and Roman Towns, the Roman Bathhouse, and the Petroglyph Survey by M. Barbara Reeves (in progress)
  • Volume 5: The Qasr and Mosque of the Abbasid Family at al-Humayma by Rebecca M. Foote (in progress)

  • Babbitt, I. 2009, Second to Fourth Century CE Structures from Hawara’s Vicus:  Interim Report on Field E121 at Humayma. M.A. Thesis, Department of Classics, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Accessible from Queen’s ()
  • Foote, R., Oleson, J.P., and Reeves, M.B., 1999, “Humeima,” in “Archaeology in Jordan”, eds. Egan, V., and Bikai, P.M., American Journal of Archaeology, 103: 513-514.
  • Oleson, J.P., ‘Amr, K., Foote, R., Logan, J., Reeves, M.B., and Schick, R., 1999, “Preliminary Report of the Al-Humayma Excavation Project, 1995, 1996, 1998”. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43: 411-450. (download from )
  • Oleson, J.P., de Bruijn, E, and Reeves, M.B., 2001, “Humayma,” in “Archaeology in Jordan”, eds. Savage, S.H., Zamora, K.A., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology, 105: 456-457. 
  • Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S, de Bruijn, E, Foote, R.M., Logan, J., Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2003, “Preliminary Report of the Humayma Excavation Project, 2000, 2002”, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 47: 37-64. (download from )
  • Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S., Sherwood, A., de Bruijn, E., and Reeves, M.B., Ambrose, H., 2003, “Humayma,” in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2002 Season”, eds. Savage, S.H., Zamora, K.A., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology, 107: 471-73.
  • Oleson, J.P., de Bruijn, E, Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2006, “Humayma” in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2005 Season”, eds. Savage, S.H., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology, 110: 486-89.
  • Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S., de Bruijn, E., and Reeves, M.B., Sherwood, A., 2005, “Humayma,  in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2004 Season”, eds. Savage, S.H., Zamora, K.A., and Keller, D.R., American Journal of Archaeology, 109: 554-555.
  • Oleson, J.P., Reeves, M.B., Baker, G.S, de Bruijn, E, Gerber, Y., Nikolic, M., and Sherwood, A.N., 2008, “Preliminary report of the al-Humayma Excavation Project, 2004, 2005”; Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 52: 309-42. (download from )
  • Reeves, M. B. 2012. “Humayma” in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2010 and 2011 seasons”, eds. Keller, D.R., Porter, B.A., and Tuttle, C.A., American Journal of Archaeology, 116: 742-44.
  • Reeves, M.B., and Harvey, C.A. 2016. “Humayma Excavation Project” in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2014 and 2015 seasons”, eds. Corbett, G.J., Keller, D.R., Porter, B.A., and Shelton, C.P., American Journal of Archaeology, 120: 670-71.
  • Reeves, M.B., Babbitt, I. Cummer, K., Fisher, B. And Seymour, B., 2010. “Humayma (Ancient Hawara)” in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2008 and 2009 seasons”, eds. Keller, D.R. and Tuttle, C.A., American Journal of Archaeology, 114: 541-2. 
  • Reeves, M.B., Babbitt, I., Cummer, K., Karas, B.V., Seymour, V. and Shelton, A., 2009. “Preliminary Report on Excavations in the Nabataean Town and Roman Vicus at Humayma, Ancient Hawara, 2008.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 53: 229-63. (download from )
  • Reeves, M.B., Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. 2017. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144. (download from )
  • Reeves, M. B., Harvey, C. A. & Seymour, B. in press. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2014 Survey of Petroglyphs and Quarries.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 59.

  • Reeves, M.B., 2009. “Landscapes of Divine Power at Humayma,” Pp. 325-38 in Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan X, ed. F. al-Khraysheh. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities. (download from )
  • Reeves, M.B., 2016. “Humayma's notched peak: a focus of Nabataean and Roman veneration and civic identity.” Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 27(2), 166-175.
  • Reeves, M. B. in press. “The Nabataean and Roman Towns at Humayma: An Urban Design Perspective.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan XIII. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities.

  • Reeves, M. B. 2015. “A Petroglyph of a Religious Ceremony at Humayma.” Journal of Roman Archaeology 28: 451-60.
  • Reeves, M.B., and Harvey, C.A. 2016. “Humayma Excavation Project” in “Archaeology in Jordan, 2014 and 2015 seasons”, eds. Corbett, G.J., Keller, D.R., Porter, B.A., and Shelton, C.P., American Journal of Archaeology, 120: 670-71.
  • Reeves, M. B., Harvey, C. A. & Seymour, B. in press. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2014 Survey of Petroglyphs and Quarries.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 59.

  • Reeves, M.B. 1999. “Field E125: Late Roman House” pp. 421-26 in Oleson, J.P., ‘Amr, K., Foote, R., Logan, J., Reeves, M.B., and Schick, R., 1999, “Preliminary Report of the Al-Humayma Excavation Project, 1995, 1996, 1998”. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43: 411-450.
  • Reeves, M.B. 2003. “Roman Vicus (E125)” pp. 47-50 in Oleson, J.P., Baker, G.S, de Bruijn, E, Foote, R.M., Logan, J., Reeves, M.B., and Sherwood, A.N., 2003, “Preliminary Report of the Humayma Excavation Project, 2000, 2002”, Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, 47: 37-64.
  • Reeves, M.B., 2008. “Nabataean Town and Roman Vicus (E125, E128)” pp. 309-18 in Oleson, J.P., Reeves, M.B., Baker, G.S, de Bruijn, E, Gerber, Y., Nikolic, M., and Sherwood, A.N., 2008, “Preliminary report of the al-Humayma Excavation Project, 2004, 2005”; Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 52: 309-42.
  • Reeves, M.B., 2009. “Landscapes of Divine Power at Humayma,” Pp. 325-38 in Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan X, ed. F. al-Khraysheh. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities.
  • Reeves, M.B., Babbitt, I., Cummer, K., Karas, B.V., Seymour, V. and Shelton, A., 2009. “Preliminary Report on Excavations in the Nabataean Town and Roman Vicus at Humayma, Ancient Hawara, 2008.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 53: 229-63.
  • Reeves, M.B., Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. 2017. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.
  • Reeves, M. B. in press. “The Nabataean and Roman Towns at Humayma: An Urban Design Perspective.” Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan XIII. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities.

  • Reeves, M. B. 2017. “Field E077: Nabataean Structures and Bathhouse” pp. 106-22 in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.
  • Reeves, M.B. 2009. “Field E077: Leveled Nabataean Structures and the Roman Bath-house” pp. 230-35 in Reeves, M.B., Babbitt, I., Cummer, K., Karas, B.V., Seymour, V. and Shelton, A., 2009. “Preliminary Report on Excavations in the Nabataean Town and Roman Vicus at Humayma, Ancient Hawara, 2008.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 53: 229-63. (download from )
  • Reeves, M.B. 1996. The Roman Bath-house at Humeima in its Architectural and Social Context. M.A. Thesis, Department of Classics, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. Accessible from Libraries and Archives Canada ()
  • Reeves, M.B., and Oleson, J.P., 1997, "Baths of the Hisma Desert," Balnearia 5.1: 2-3.

  • Reeves, M.B., and Harvey, C.A. 2016, “A Typological Assessment of the Nabataean, Roman, and Byzantine Ceramic Building Materials at Humayma and Wadi Ramm,” pp. 443-475 in M. Jamhawi, ed., Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan XII. Amman, Jordan: Department of Antiquities. (download from )
  • Reeves, M. B., and Harvey, C.A. 2017. “E077’s Ceramic Building Materials” pp. 121-22 in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.
  • Reeves, M. B., and Harvey, C.A. 2017. “Characteristics of ‘Praetorium Room J Bricks and Flue Pipes’” pp. 133 in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.

  • Reeves, M. B. 2017. “Field E116 Area I Room J: E077: Heated Room in the Fort’s Praetorium” pp. 126-33 in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.

  • Bevan, G. A., and Reeves, M.B., 2010, “A New Nabataean Inscription from Humayma”, Journal of Semitic Studies, 55.2: 497-507. doi 10.1093/jss/fgq010 [a Nabataean nefesh inscription]
  • Fergusson, M., MacKinnon, M., and Reeves, M.B. 2017. “RTI and Photogrammetry” in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144. [includes a new reading of a Latin inscription from a statue base in the fort’s principia]
  • Oleson, J.P., Reeves, M.B., and Fisher, B.J., 2002, “New Dedicatory Inscriptions from Humayma (Ancient Hawara), Jordan” Zeitschrift fĂŒr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 140: 102-121. [Greek and Roman inscriptions from the Roman fort and vicus]

  • Fergusson, M., MacKinnon, M., and Reeves, M.B. 2017. “RTI and Photogrammetry” in Reeves, M. Barbara, Harvey, C. A., Fergusson, M., Harden, S. Holman, L.M., MacKinnon, M. and Shelton, A. “Report on the Humayma Excavation Project’s 2010 and 2012 Field Seasons.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 58: 105-144.